A discovery walk of the architectural revolution of the early twentieth century: Art Deco style and international style
Our neighborhood tells the story of the appearance of concrete and the disappearance of all the decoration added on the houses, hence the initial reluctance of Bordeaux residents, accustomed to their «stone city» (and their taste for ancient styles: see our many eclectic houses and even two pastiches of chartreuses in... 1930! ). 1920, is the stylistic revolution, and the final victory of the international style that allows the walk in the neighborhood. The Lescure district was built between 1920 and 1940 on agricultural land surrounding Lescure Castle, still present. The future owners then chose the style of their future home. The less daring ones opted for the two old styles again and again: the neoclassical style of the 18th century, but also especially the eclectic style of the 19th century. The most daring chose the Art Deco style that appeared around 1915/1920, a very French style (Théâtre des Champs Élyséens 1913) that will shine in the world for 20 years. This style is a beautiful evolution of the neoclassical style. Art Deco will concern all artistic events: fashion, jewellery, music, painting, music, automobile, architecture, furniture, table arts etc that the 1925 exhibition in Paris will impose on the world. «When Art Deco seduces the world». The other new style of 1920 is the international style which is in fact the only real revolution: we use the only concrete that can be moulded in shapes impossible to obtain in stone. With also a total rejection of the added decoration («crime and decoration» A. Loos, 1909). This style was born in Central Europe, already with the Austrian Secession around 1900, especially with the Bauhaus around 1920, thus a foreign style for the Bordeaux people of 1920. Some architects were travelling: Le Corbusier was in Berlin in 1911, the same year Raoul Jourde – the architect of our stadium – was on a training course in Vienna with Joseph Hoffmann (the creator of the Stocklet palace in Brussels with one of Klimt’s “kisses”). They discovered the immense possibilities of concrete, the speed of construction and its easy application in the beginning hygienism (tuberculosis was devastating). The houses of the time had to be clear, sunny with all modern comforts: bathroom, toilet in each dwelling and connected to a sewer what is important, kitchen with water and gas, dry house (crawl space since the law Loucheur 1928, detail so important in Bordeaux near the sea level). The stadium is very innovative with its roofed vaults without pillars in the stands using liquid concrete poured in formwork at the technical limits of the time. Packing liquid concrete is commonplace today, but not in 1934. No French company knew how to do this: an Italian company was used for construction. With a permanent will of the final aesthetic rendering: the concrete is not raw of removal here, it is smoothed on the surface and has remained for 91 years clear, without the usual greyness of the aging concrete. «My concrete is more beautiful than their stone»: this statement is particularly true in Lescure. This is why this stadium is admired by many, including the associations of riverside residents and informed amateurs. Associations that vigorously protected it in 2014 and 2016 from the destruction envisaged by its owner: the Bordeaux City Hall. Its destiny has been protected since its inclusion in the Historic Monuments inventory in October 2022 with the amusing commentary «of the purest Art Deco style» for a monument of the purest international style. We can’t ask prefectoral editors to be art historians! The architects or contractors who build here also design the interiors. They continue to use cement tiles instead of tiles by updating the patterns. They use very large, basket-shaped windows or cut windows that bring in the sun. The bright interiors still use Art Deco staff (palmettes for example) on the ceiling. The parquet floor is clear. Garages appeared around 1927 in the neighborhood and this upset the mass plan of the houses since the ground floor with its living rooms must make the place of a garage. From that time on, the houses have all the characteristics that we still ask them to live today. Even low-cost housing (= HBM) was developed. Concrete made it possible to build houses with apartments at a much lower cost. Social housing, a major concern of the architects of the international style, is also present in the neighborhood with the amazing trade union subdivision of TEOB (= the public transport of the time) with its twenty individual worker houses with comfort, prefabricated cement as early as 1922. The temporary success of the new French Art Deco style (115 houses here) will evolve in time by losing its decoration, hence the liner style around 1935 (four houses). The liner style and the international style will then merge. The international revolutionary style (only one house here) was not very successful around 1930. Yet it is this international style that will be reborn after the Second World War, with many variants and which is still the style of our time, a century after its creation.